Planet Nine Existence? something is moving Finding something without knowing where to look is not easy, and if it is not even certain that the thing exists it becomes even morecomplicated.Know it well Michael Brown and Konstantin Batygin, two astronomers rather convinced that in the extreme periphery of our solar system is orbiting, never observed by anyone, a planet at least twice the size of Earth. For years the two diehards argue that the existence of this "ninth planet" would help to explain the strange similarities in the orbits of some objects that orbit in the most remote part of our solar system. So far these are only theories and models of celestial dynamics, discussed by an astronomical consensus divided so far equally between enthusiasm and skepticism. So that for a long time are alternating studies in favor and studies that instead want to demonstrate the inconsistency o...
Whenever we look up in the night sky, we sometimes wonder, what are those twinkling lights. The most basic answer is a star. And when we refer to a star, the "Sun" is the first name that comes to our mind. Stars are massive celestial objects, the creators of the world and its creatures. Everything we see around us is made up of atoms that derive from the cosmic kitchens of the stars. You, I, everything is made up of atoms that were formed inside the sun and other associated phenomena in other stars. Inside these kitchens, atoms of hydrogen are cooked into atoms of heavier elements. So, the cosmic story of a star goes like this-Stars are formed from condensed interstellar gas, i.e., hydrogen, and helium clouds that are present in between stars within a galaxy. These huge clouds of interstellar gas are called "nebulae", the singular "nebula".
A protostar forming.
They undergo a gravitational collapse forming protostars, the first stage of a star. They undergo further collapse, consuming more matter and forming main sequence stars. The stars do expand as they grow old. Our sun is presently between the stages of the main sequence and the red giant. As it continues to collapse, the temperature and pressure increase in its core. When it gets hot enough, thermonuclear reactions occur for the first time in the star's core. Hydrogen is converted into helium in these reactions through nuclear fusion. Hence, we can refer to hydrogen as the "Stellar Fuel', powering the lives of the stars. It was the first element to be created in the Big Bang, the beginning of the universe.71% of the observable universe is composed of hydrogen.
The sun is a main-sequence star.
When fusion takes place, it releases huge amounts of energy, strong enough to keep gravitational collapse at bay. But as a star matures, it moves into a new stage in its life. Of course, this will lead to some changes in its appearance as well. After a star leaves its main-sequence stage, its core contracts and heats up. Burning hydrogen ignites in a shell around the center, causing the envelope to expand, but as it does, it cools. The cooler the star, the bigger the star becomes, and also redder and more luminous. Eventually, the temperature at the core reaches around 100 million degrees and Helium ignites in the core instead of hydrogen. Since the star has burnt all of its hydrogen, it starts to burn heavier elements. And the fusion of heavier elements releases lesser amounts of energy, and hence there is a decrease in temperature. The star at this point has a surface temperature of around 3200*C. Let the star be the sun; then its radius will have reached Mercury's orbit. It has now been transferred onto the red giant stage. The path followed by the star after its red giant stage depends on its mass. Stars like the sun are small and pass through the planetary nebula stage to become a white dwarf star, which then cools down and dies as a black dwarf. Our sun is predicted to go through the planetary nebulae stage in a few billion years. It will grow large enough to engulf Mercury and Venus into it, and the same fate seems to await Earth. If humanity can survive till then, it will probably shift to another place to live. The outer layer of the star will drift away, leaving a very hot and bright core behind. This is called a white dwarf.
The crab nebula is a supernova remnant.
However, if the star is massive enough, an explosion occurs called a supernova. Heavy elements like gold and uranium are formed in these explosions. So, the next time you see any kind of gold jewelry, be sure to try to imagine the stellar explosion where it was created. A supernova can outshine a whole galaxy for a brief amount of time. The explosion leaves behind a compact core called a neutron star. These are very small but very massive and dense stars with very strong gravitational fields. And if the exploding star is extremely massive, it could be from a black hole.
A black hole.
Stars like the sun are born in batches, in great compressed clouds, such as the Orion nebula. Just imagining that my DNA derives from the stars, creates awe in my mind and shows the deep connection between life and the cosmos. So, be grateful to the stars, for they have created you.
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